aeweightloss.com

Lieutenant junior grade Johannes Lohs (June 24, 1889 - August 14, 1918) was a successful and highly decorated German U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I.

In his time as commander of UC-75 and UB-57 he succeeded in sinking several ships for a total tonnage of approximately 165.000 gross register tons (GRT).

Early life

Johannes Lohs was born June 24, 1889 at Einsiedel, Saxony. He was son of plant owner Oswald Lohs. He first went to school in his home village and later a grammar school in Chemnitz.

He entered the Kaiserliche Marine on April 1, 1909 and had several commands as Fähnrich zur See and served from October 1, 1912 on the cruiser Strasburg on which he saw half of the world.

World War I

Lohs saw action for the very first time on August 28, 1914 and was promoted Leutnant zur See in the autumn of 1915. He then moved to U-Bootschule for a period, but got his first U-boat command on UC-75 on the March 17, 1917, on which he did 9 patrols off the British coast. On January 2, 1918 he became Commanding officer of the UB-57, taking over the command of this boat from another legendary U-boat commander, Otto Steinbrinck. Lohs had also some very good ideas on U-boat warfare and new tactics and on April 24, 1918 he received the Pour le Mérite.

On August 3, 1918 he sailed from Zeebrugge for the last time. The last contact he made with the base was on the evening of the August 14, as UB-57 was homeward bound roughly in the area of the Sandiette Bank, east of the Straits of Dover. Nothing more was heard. UB-57 is believed to have run onto a mine. Lohs’ body washed up on shore a week later and he is buried in the military cemetery at Vlissingen.

On October 4, 1937 the 3. Unterseebootsflottille was named after him at Kiel.

Loss Weight Fast

Something About Amelia
Directed by	Randa Haines
Produced by	Leonard J. Goldberg Michele Rappaport
Written by	William Hanley
Starring	Ted Danson Glenn Close Missy Francis Roxana Zal
Music by	Mark Snow
Cinematography	Edward R. Brown
Editing by	Jack Harnish
Distributed by	American Broadcasting Company (ABC) The Leonard Goldberg Company
Release date(s)	1984
Running time	100 min
Country	USA
Language	English

Something About Amelia is a 1984 TV movie exploring the drama to a family caused by incest. “Something About Amelia” shows what damage sexual abuse can do to an entire family, not just the victim. It displays the many emotions that are felt when such a terrible thing occurs: disgust, disbelief, anger, sadness. But, it also takes the view that rehabilitation and forgiveness are not unreachable either.

Starring Ted Danson, Glenn Close, Missy Francis and Roxana Zal. Zal became the youngest prime time Emmy winner in history for her work .

Plot

Teenager Amelia Bennett guards a terrible secret. She has been repeatedly suffering incestuous sexual abuse by her paedophile father, Steven (played by Ted Danson). For the longest time, Amelia has been keeping quiet about the whole incident, believing that if she clams up then the problem will solve itself. Thus she has withdrawn into herself and those closest to her cannot understand why she has become so repressed and introverted. Like so many other young girls suffering the same horror, she believes that she is the one at fault and that her mother, Gail (Glenn Close), will hate her if she reveals what is happening.

Steven Bennett is perhaps the most complex character in the film. When he is abusing his daughter, he guards Amelia like a jealous boyfriend, and shows envy and anger after she dances with a boy at a school prom and reveals she likes him. Unable to repress his own obscene sexual urges for her, he does not want any other male to have her. He forbids her to go out on dates like a normal young girl, and frequently tells her, “No one can like you as much as I do.”

Soon Steven ceases his advances on Amelia and understandably she is grateful, yet her relief is short-lived when she realises that Steven is turning his attentions toward Amelia’s much younger sister, Beth. Sickened at the thought of her little sister suffering what she has endured at their father’s hands, Amelia finds the courage to confide in her school guidance counselor, Mrs Hall.

At first, Mrs Hall believes Amelia has come to her with a minor problem that all teenage girls go through. She smiles, laughs and only becomes concerned when Amelia reveals that the problem she is suffering is one she cannot confide in with her parents. Mrs Hall is worried and tells Amelia that she has never heard of a problem that is so terrible a child cannot confide in their parents with. Amelia manages to stutter, “My father has been messing with me.” Mrs Hall is at once concerned and realises what Amelia is telling her.

Mrs Hall phones Gail at work and urges her to come home so Amelia can tell her what she has suffered. Gail leaves work and returns home where Amelia and Mrs Hall are waiting. Fearful of her mother’s reaction, Amelia cannot bring herself to tell her mother but Mrs Hall does. She tells Gail that Steven has been having sex with Amelia. Gail flies into a rage and berates Amelia, accusing her of lying. Amelia breaks down in tears and insists she is not lying. Gail sends Amelia to her room and Mrs Hall leaves, but not without warning Gail she will report this, despite whether Gail believes Amelia or not.

When everything is out in the open, denial, anger and confusion plague the entire Bennett household. Gail at first tries to deny everything and convinces herself that Amelia is telling vicious lies. There is no way she could ever imagine her beloved husband doing such an unspeakable act to his own children. Yet as the shock wears off, she begins to believe her daughter, but then has to cope with her own bitter feelings of jealousy. Gail cannot understand how the man she has loved for years could prefer his own daughter over his wife. She is completely overlooking the issue that Steven is feeling the foul urges of a paedophile, not feelings of love or romance. Gail’s envy is an example that even the most mature adults can confuse love with sex.

Steven is taken into custody, and is repeatedly denying what Amelia says. Beth still too young to understand the whole unpleasantness of her father’s offenses. She is angry at Amelia for driving their father out of the house and, as Amelia once did, thinks that her father is punishing her for something she did wrong. Beth cannot understand that in reporting Steven to the authorities, her sister has saved her from the very same fate Amelia suffered.

Amelia’s father experiences the greatest transformation throughout the story. After he is discovered, he claims that his daughter is telling sordid lies. But he later realizes that he has a serious problem that needs to be dealt with and willingly accepts help. None of the blame should be cast upon Amelia. She is the victim.

Free Weight Loss Plans

Lewie Day

Jump to: navigation, search

This page has been deleted.
The deletion log for the page is provided below for reference.

• 09:33, 13 August 2008 Kevin (Talk | contribs) deleted “Lewie Day” ? (AfD discussion: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lewie Day)

Look for Lewie Day on one of Wikipedia’s sister projects:

	Wiktionary (free dictionary)
	Wikibooks (free textbooks)
	Wikiquote (quotations)
	Wikisource (free library)
	Wikiversity (free learning resources)
	Commons (images and media)
	Wikinews (free news source)

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Lewie Day in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings.

• Start the Lewie Day article or add a request for it.
• Search for “Lewie Day” in existing articles.
• Look for pages within Wikipedia that link to this title.

Other reasons this message may be displayed:

• If a page was recently created here, it may not yet be visible because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes and try the purge function.
• Titles on Wikipedia are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternate capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title.
• If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log, and see Why was my page deleted?.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewie_Day”

Views

• Article
• Discussion

Personal tools

• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version

• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

buy bmf wheels

This article is orphaned as few or no other articles link to it. Please help introduce links in articles on related topics. (November 2006)

Storgollomsvatnet is a lake in the municipality of Røyrvik in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway.

seadoo towable 3 person rafts

Aprilia RS125

Manufacturer	Aprilia
Parent company	Piaggio
Production	1992-date (road and racing)
Predecessor	Aprilia AF1
Successor	N/A
Class	Super Sports
Engine	124.8cc
Torque	20Nm at 11000rpm
Transmission	Manual
Suspension	Front : Upside down hydraulic fork, Ø 40mm. Wheel travel 120mm, Rear : Cast aluminium box section swingarm with asymmetric members. Hydraulic monoshock with adjustable spring preload. Wheel travel 120mm.
Brakes	4 piston Radial Caliper
Tires	Tubeless radial. Front 110/70 17”; rear 150/60 17″
Wheelbase	1345mm
Seat height	805mm
Weight	115 kgs (dry), 141 kgs (wet)
Fuel capacity	14 litres (2.0 litre reserve)
Similar	Cagiva Mito Derbi GPR125 Honda CBR125R Honda NSR125 Megelli Sports 125R Sachs XTC125 Yamaha TZR125 Yamaha YZF-R125

The Aprilia RS125 is a GP derived replica sport production motorcycle. It is powered by a single cylinder 2-stroke, Nikasil coated aluminium cylinder block, liquid cooled 124.8cc Rotax engine.

Aprilia has had many Grand Prix victories in the 125cc and 250cc 2-stroke classes. With years of racing experience, Aprilia has released a new version of the RS125 with new looks, performance & styling.

Key features of the new Aprilia RS125 are: New frame technologies that promise superb agility and are much lighter than previous model. Combined with new frame structure and material the frame is a re-creation of the one used on the Aprilia GP125 racing bike. New racing wheels with Y-spoke configuration make the rim lightweight while retaining high strength. They are made from a die cast moulding process which reduces unsprung weight and guarantees rigidity under racing conditions.

The RS125 is noted by many people as its engine is prone to breaking up easily in high revving situations. This means the engine needs to be rebuilt several times.

Specifications

Top speed: 100mph - 0-60mph: 6 seconds - Max Power: 28bhp @ 10,500rpm - Kerb Weight: 141kgs -

RRP: £3,600 - Date of production 1992-present - Colours: Aprilia Black, GP White, Spain’s No.1 (Jorge Lorenzo Race Replica)

Raced by Legendary Champion James Tattersall

Weight Loss Exercise Program

The Song of the Sea (Hebrew: ???? ????) also known as Az Yashir Moshe is a poem which appears in Exodus at Exodus 15:1b-18. The text describes the destruction of the Egyptian army at the Red Sea, and the future conquest of Canaan by the Israelites. It is included in the Jewish prayer books, and recited daily in the morning shacharit services.

Origin

A Sefer Torah rolled to the Song of the sea.

The origin of this prayer comes from the text in Parshat Beshalach. Az Yashir Moshe is the song that the Israelites sang after they crossed the Reed Sea safely. The original text is written in Exodus 15:1-18. It is one of only two sections of the Sefer Torah that is written with a different layout to the normal simple columns, as can be seen in the picture. The alternating words are supposed to represent bricks in a wall, as a representation of the walls of water on either side of the path through the sea. (The other section written differently is Moses’ song at the end of the Sefer Torah in Ha’azinu.)

Meaning

This is a song of praise to God. It deals with His power. It also praises God for the miracle He has just performed for them.

Translation

Some of the prayer means this:

Ketuba of Yom Vayosha

The Ketubá del Seten Dia de Pesah (Ladino), or ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? (Ketuba Le-yom Ha-shebi`i shel Pesah) is a liturgical poem in Ladino, describing Pharaoh’s defeat in the Sea of Reeds. Some Sephardic Jewish communities, at least in Turkey, sing this poem on the 21st of the Jewish month Nisan, the Seventh Day of Passover, known as Yom Vayyosha, “The Day of the Song of the Sea”. According to Jewish tradition, this is the day on which Pharaoh’s army was drowned in the Sea of Reeds, and the Israelite people sang the Song of the Sea (Exodus 15) in gratitude for this victory.

Presumably, this text is called a ketuba (”marriage contract”) because the relationship between God and the Jewish people is traditionally described as a marriage, and the Splitting of the Sea is considered to be an important event leading to that marriage, which ultimately took place 42 days later, at Mt. Sinai.

A tune for the Ladino Poem (along with the entire text itself) can be found in Isaac Levy’s Anthology of Sepharadic Hazzanut (Antologiya shel Hazzanut Sefaradit, 1965), vol. on the Three Festivals, p. 409, #335.

Non-traditional interpretations

According to the documentary hypothesis, it is a once independent text that was embedded into the Jahwist source, and thus into the Torah. The date of the text is uncertain, and it may in fact be an original source for the more verbose tale that appears elsewhere in the text. The text also appears to have been included in the Elohist source, although after these texts were redacted together, only the first two lines of the Elohist copy remain, immediately after the lines from the Jahwist copy, the duplication being unnecessary.

External links

• A collection of articles on the Song of the Sea from a Jewish perspective. at Chabad.org
• Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral, Aural and Visual Experience
• Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1b-18) Reconstructed

Figure Ideal Body Weight

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

This article is orphaned as few or no other articles link to it. Please help introduce links in articles on related topics. (October 2006)

Day-Timers Inc. (a.k.a. Day-Timer or Day Timers) is a corporation based in East Texas, PA. The primary product line consists of various styles of calendars and dated planners but they also provide many other products with a focus on time management. While the core of their business is in the United States, they maintain a presence in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Day-Timers, Inc. is currently owned by ACCO Brands LLC. of Lincolnshire, Il.

coach norra sneaker

Festivus
Frank Costanza (Jerry Stiller, left, next to Michael Richards as Cosmo Kramer) holds the old family “Festivus Pole” while talking to Jerry (Jerry Seinfeld). Frank’s son George (Jason Alexander) has just fled Monk’s Café after Frank plays a tape of George’s “Feats of Strength” torment from a childhood Festivus.
Type	Seasonal
Significance	A non-denominational holiday to be celebrated by those frustrated or jaded with the commercialism and pressure surrounding the Christmas/Hanukkah/Kwanzaa season
Date	December 23
Celebrations	Airing of Grievances, Feats of Strength, the Festivus Pole
Related to	Christmas

Festivus is an annual holiday invented by writer Dan O’Keefe and introduced into popular culture by his son Daniel, a scriptwriter for the TV show Seinfeld. Although the original Festivus took place in February 1966 as a celebration of O’Keefe’s first date with his wife, Deborah, most people now celebrate the holiday on December 23, as depicted on the December 18, 1997 Seinfeld episode “The Strike.” According to O’Keefe, the name Festivus “just popped into his head.” The holiday includes novel practices such as the “Airing of Grievances”, in which each person tells everyone else all the ways they have disappointed him or her over the past year. Also, after the Festivus meal, the “Feats of Strength” are performed, involving wrestling the head of the household to the floor, the holiday only ending if the head of the household is actually pinned. These conventions originated with the TV episode. The original holiday featured far more peculiar practices, as detailed in the younger Daniel O’Keefe’s book The Real Festivus, which provides a first-person account of an early version of the Festivus holiday as celebrated by the O’Keefe family, and how O’Keefe amended or replaced details of his father’s invention to create the Seinfeld episode.

Some people, influenced or inspired by Seinfeld, now celebrate the holiday in varying degrees of seriousness; some carefully follow rules from the TV show or books, while others humorously invent their own versions.

Festivus rituals

Festivus is introduced in “The Strike”, which revolves around Cosmo Kramer returning to work at H&H Bagels. He does so after learning that a 12-year strike in which he participated has ended (because the minimum wage has risen to the level of the wages demanded by the workers twelve years earlier). Kramer becomes interested in resurrecting the holiday when at the bagel shop, Frank Costanza tells him how he created Festivus as an alternative holiday in response to the commercialization of Christmas.

Frank Costanza’s son, George (Jason Alexander), creates donation cards for a fake charity called The Human Fund (with the slogan “Money for People”) in lieu of having to give office Christmas presents. When his boss, Mr. Kruger (Daniel von Bargen), questions George about a $20,000 check he gave George to donate to the Human Fund as a corporate donation, George hastily concocts the excuse that he made up the Human Fund because he feared persecution for his beliefs, for not celebrating Christmas. Attempting to call his bluff, Kruger goes home with George to see Festivus in action.

Kramer eventually goes back on strike from his bagel-vendor job when his manager tells him he can not have time off for his new-found religious holiday. Kramer is then seen on the street with a sign reading “Festivus yes! Bagels no!”, and chanting to anyone passing the store “Hey! No bagel, no bagel, no bagel…”

Finally at Frank’s house in Queens, Jerry, Elaine, Kramer and George gather to celebrate Festivus. George brings Kruger to prove Festivus is real.

The Festivus Pole

In the episode, though not in the original O’Keefe Family celebration, the tradition of Festivus begins with an aluminium pole. During Festivus, the Festivus Pole is displayed unadorned. The pole was chosen apparently in opposition to the commercialization of highly decorated Christmas trees, because it is “very low-maintenance”, and also because the holiday’s patron, Frank Costanza, finds tinsel “distracting”. The basics of the Festivus pole are explained by Frank in two separate situations.

When not being used, the Festivus Pole is stored in a crawlspace.

Festivus Dinner

In “The Strike”, a celebratory dinner is shown on the evening of Festivus prior to the Feats of Strength and during the Airing of Grievances. The on-air meal appeared to be meat loaf or spaghetti in a red sauce. The original holiday dinner in the O’Keefe household featured turkey or ham followed by a Pepperidge Farm cake decorated with M&M’s, as described in detail in O’Keefe’s The Real Festivus. In Festivus: The Holiday for the Rest of Us by Allen Salkin, modern observances of Festivus tend to feature heavy drinking, including beer, rum, bourbon, or wine. In the Seinfeld episode, no alcohol is served, but George Costanza’s boss, Mr. Kruger, drinks from a flask.

Airing of Grievances

The celebration of Festivus begins with Airing of Grievances, which takes place immediately after the Festivus dinner has been served. It consists of lashing out at others and the world about how one has been disappointed in the past year. Every household has its own traditions; in one house, the Airing of Grievances consisted of writing the grievances on the fridge in marker.

Feats of Strength

The Feats of Strength is the final tradition observed in the celebration of Festivus. Traditionally, the head of the household selects one person at the Festivus celebration and challenges that person to a wrestling match. The person may decline if they have something else to do, such as pull a double shift at work. Tradition states that Festivus is not over until the head of the household is pinned in a wrestling match. The Feats of Strength are mentioned twice in the episode before they actually take place. In both instances, no detail was given as to what had actually happened, but in both instances, George Costanza ran out of the coffee shop in a mad panic, implying he had bad experiences with the Feats of Strength in the past.

Festivus Miracles

Although it is not an official element of the holiday or its celebration, the phenomenon of the Festivus Miracle is mentioned twice in the original episode, both times occurring in the Costanza household, and both declared by Kramer.

Miracle #1;

Miracle #2;

From these examples, it can be inferred that Festivus miracles tend to be minor coincidences that are inconvenient for one of the involved parties (Elaine did not want to see the Betting Shop Guy, and two-faced Gwen mistakes Elaine as the “ugly girl” she has been hearing about).

Etymology and origin

Festivus (with long “i”, fest?vus) is a Latin word, but not the name of a festival: it means “festive”. The holiday was named by the elder O’Keefe. The English word festive derives from fest?vus, which in turn derives from festus “joyous; holiday, feast day”.

In the O’Keefe tradition the holiday would take place in response to family tension, “any time from December to May”. The phrase “a Festivus for the rest of us” also derived from an O’Keefe family event, the death of the elder O’Keefe’s mother.

The elder O’Keefe wrote a book that deals with idiosyncratic ritual and its social significance, a theme with great relevance to Festivus tradition.

Other references

• “Festivus: A Holiday for the Rest of Us” is the name of a book by Allen Salkin about the celebration of Festivus in the real world.

• The Wagner Companies of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, began manufacturing Festivus Poles for the 2005 season.
• “Festivus” was the name of a seasonal Ben and Jerry’s ice cream flavor made in 2000 and 2001 in honor of the holiday. In 2004, the flavor made its return as “Gingerbread Cookie”, and has since been retired to the Ben and Jerry’s Flavor Graveyard.
• “Festivus” is a term used by the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL) and their fans to denote the NFL Playoffs. During the 2000 season, Ravens head coach Brian Billick banned his players from using the word “playoffs” during the season as he wanted his players to focus on every game and not look ahead. Players substituted the term “festivus” for playoffs and “festivus maximus” for the Super Bowl. The Ravens eventually went on to win the Super Bowl that season.
• Presumably unaware of the irony, the Brisbane, Australia marketing organization has adopted the name “Festivus” to refer to its summer holidays program of events.
• An Oklahoma-based winery, Grape Ranch, began producing Festivus wine in 2003.
• A 2004 episode of Jeopardy! had a Seinfeld-themed round, featuring a category entitled Festivus, in which contestants answered questions about holidays. Incidentally, this was the final episode in which long-time champion Ken Jennings played, until returning for the Ultimate Tournament of Champions.
• In 2005, Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle was declared “Governor Festivus” and displayed a Festivus pole in the family room of the Executive Residence in Madison, Wisconsin during that holiday season. Governor Doyle’s 2005 Festivus pole is now part of the collection of the Wisconsin Historical Museum

• In 2007, a Wisconsin man requested permission to erect a Festivus pole next to Green Bay City Hall’s nativity scene as a tongue-in-cheek response to public religious displays.

• In an episode of the British comedy programme Peep Show entitled “Jeremy’s Manager”, Jeremy’s band has a gig lined up at a fictional electronica festival called “Festivus”, but they are dropped from the line-up when the organisers hear a CD of their music. It is not known whether the writers intentionally borrowed the name from its Seinfeld origin or whether it is a coincidence.

• Peace Corps volunteers on the Fiji Islands celebrate a holiday called “Festivus” annually. It is held on the Saturday closest to Fiji Day (in early October) in the town of Labasa. The holiday consists of a competition between two-person teams in several events, including cricket, cornhole, cocchi ball (a derivative of bocci ball played with coconuts), caps and other “feats of strength.” Competitors vie for the coveted “Festivus Cup,” which is awarded to the team scoring the most points. Following the completion of the games, the two teams scoring the fewest points engage in a tag-team wrestling match.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “Festivus for the rest of us”. LJWorld. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Salkin, Allen (2004-12-19). “Fooey to the World: Festivus Is Come”, The New York Times. Retrieved on 9 January 2008. 
3. ^ “The Strike”. Seinfeld. 1997-12-18. No. 10, season 9.
4. ^ “Origins of Festivus”. Festivus: The Holiday for the Rest of Us. Retrieved on 2007-11-02.
5. ^ ^{a b} “The Strike”. Seinfeld Scripts. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
6. ^ “Airing of Grievances”. Festivus Book. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
7. ^ “Feats of Strength”. Festivus Book. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
8. ^ “festivus”. Lewis & Short Latin Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-12-27.
9. ^ “festus”. Words. Retrieved on 2007-12-27.
10. ^ “Our day, our way”. Journal Sentinel Online. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
11. ^ ^{a b} Allen Salkin (2005). Festivus: The Holiday for the Rest of us. ISBN 0-446-69674-9. 
12. ^ O’Keefe (1982). Stolen Lightning: A Social Theory of Magic. ISBN 0-8264-0059-0. 
13. ^ “Festivus Website”. Allen Salkin.
14. ^ “Festivus poles now are for the rest of us”. MSN NBC. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
15. ^ “Flavor Graveyard”. Ben & Jerry. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
16. ^ Matte, Tom; Jeff Seidel (2004). Tales from the Baltimore Ravens Sideline. ISBN 1-582-61754-6. 
17. ^ “Media Release: Festivus Event Calendar (19 Nov 2003)”. brisbanemarketing.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-12-30.
18. ^ “Show #4657″. J! Archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
19. ^ “Gov. Festivus!”. madison.com. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
20. ^ “Governor Doyle’s Festivus Pole”. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved on 2007-12-30.
21. ^ “Green Bay Festivus pole”. 236.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
22. ^ “Festivus Pole Proposed After Wisconsin City Displays Nativity”. FOXNews.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30.

extras great

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated. It is often abbreviated to “Taq Pol” (or simply “Taq“), and is frequently used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), methods for greatly amplifying short segments of DNA.

T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR. Therefore it replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli originally used in PCR . Taq’s temperature optimum for activity is 75-80°C, with a halflife of 9 minutes at 97.5°C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72°C.

One of Taq’s drawbacks is its relatively low replication fidelity. It lacks a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease proofreading activity, and has an error rate measured at about 1 in 9,000 nucleotides. Some thermostable DNA polymerases have been isolated from other thermophilic bacteria and archaea, such as Pfu DNA polymerase, possessing a proofreading activity, and are being used instead of (or in combination with) Taq for high-fidelity amplification.

Taq makes DNA products that have A (Adenine) overhangs at their 3′ ends. This may be useful in TA Cloning, whereby a cloning vector (such as a plasmid) is used which has a T (Thymine) 3′ overhang, which complements with the A overhang of the PCR product, thus enabling ligation of the PCR product into the plasmid vector.

Taq polymerase in PCR

In the early 1980s Kary Mullis was working at Cetus Corporation on the application of synthetic DNAs to biotechnology. He was familiar with the use of DNA oligonucleotides as probes for binding to target DNA strands, as well as their use as primers for DNA sequencing and cDNA synthesis. In 1983, he began using two primers, one to hybridize to each strand of a target DNA, and adding DNA polymerase to the reaction. This led to exponential DNA replication , greatly amplifying the amounts of DNA between the primers.

However, after each round of replication the mixture needs to be heated above 90ºC to denature the newly formed DNA, allowing the strands to separate and act as templates in the next round of amplification. Unfortunately, this heating step also inactivates the DNA polymerase then being used, the Klenow fragment of the DNA Polymerase I from E. coli.

Use of the thermostable Taq polymerase eliminates the need for having to add new enzyme to the PCR reaction during the thermocycling process. A single closed tube in a relatively simple machine can be used to carry out the entire process. Thus, the use of Taq polymerase was the key idea that made PCR applicable to a large variety of molecular biology problems concerning DNA analysis.

Significance

Hoffmann-La Roche eventually bought the PCR and Taq patents from Cetus for $330 million, from which it may have received up to $2 billion in royalties. In 1989 Science Magazine named Taq polymerase its first “Molecule of the Year”. Kary Mullis received the Nobel Prize in 1993, the only one awarded for research performed at a biotechnology company. By the early 1990s the PCR technique with Taq polymerase was being used in many areas, including basic molecular biology research, clinical testing, and forensics. It also began to find a pressing application in direct detection of the HIV virus in AIDS.

Lose Weight Diets

John Allan “Jackie” Robinson (born 10 August 1917 in Shiremoor, England) was an English footballer who played for Sheffield Wednesday, Sunderland and Lincoln City. He was also capped for England on four occasions. Robinson’s career lasted from 1935 to 1949 making 200 league appearances and scoring 71 goals. Robinson lost some of his best years to the Second World War during which time he continued to play for Sheffield Wednesday in the regional wartime leagues making 109 appearances and scoring 91 goals, although these matches are not recognised in official records.

Early days

Robinson played as a youth for West Wylam F.C. a junior team affiliated to the local coal mine in the small town of Prudhoe just to the west of Newcastle upon Tyne. In early 1934, Robinson was spotted by Sheffield Wednesday manager Billy Walker who had actually come to watch a wing half who was marking Robinson. Jackie had such an outstanding game that Walker approached Robinson’s parents for permission to sign the 16 year old.

Professional career

Sheffield Wednesday

Robinson joined a very successful Sheffield Wednesday team for 1934-35, a season which saw Wednesday finish third in Division one and win the FA Cup. For most of that season Robinson played for the youth team and had not even turned out for the reserves when he surprisingly made his first team debut on April 22nd 1935 against West Bromwich Albion. This was just five days before the F.A. Cup final against the same team and Robinson replaced club captain Ronnie Starling who was being rested for the cup final. Robinson had not even brought his boots for the match and borrowed Starling’s, scoring the goal in a 1-1 draw. Five days later Robinson was a non playing member of the Wednesday squad which beat West Bromwich in the FA Cup final 4-2.

Conscious of his young age, Billy Walker only used Robinson occasionally in the 1935-36 season, making just five appearances. He became a regular in the team the following season and his good form led to a call up for an England international trial at Burnley in March 1937. Two months later he was selected for the full England side to play Finland in Helsinki at the age of 19 years 283 days.

Sheffield Wednesday were relegated in 1937 and started the 1937-38 season in Division Two, several of the bigger clubs tried to sign Robinson but he stayed with Wednesday along with fellow international Ted Catlin. Robinson’s form remained good throughout that season and he was selected for the England’s sides three match tour of continental Europe in May 1938.

The first match was against Germany in Berlin on the 14th of May, the match was infamous because the England players were forced to give the Nazi salute. None of the England players wanted to do the salute but the British ambassador insisted to keep the crowd in a good frame of mind. The game itself resulted in a fine 6-3 victory for England with Jackie Robinson scoring twice. The England tour continued with matches against Switzerland (lost 1-2) and France (won 4-2), although Robinson was rested for the France match.

The onset of World War II interrupted Jackie Robinson’s rising career. During the war years he was stationed at Middlesbrough and continued to play for Sheffield Wednesday in the Football League North. His goal scoring record was excellent, scoring 91 goals in 109 games although the standard of play was obviously reduced. After the war Robinson was made club captain for Wednesday for the 1946-47 season but after just seven matches that season he was sold to Sunderland for £5,000, aged 29. His last game for Wednesday was a 0-1 defeat on September 25th 1946 against Chesterfield at Hillsborough . The reason cited for the transfer was that Robinson was training at Newcastle United on weekdays and just travelling to Sheffield for matches and the board found this unacceptable for the club captain. He played 121 official games for Sheffield Wednesday (including FA Cup), scoring 39 goals. If the regional wartime matches are included, he played 228 games, scoring 130 times.

Sunderland

Jackie Robinson played for three seasons at Sunderland, forming a fine attacking partnership with Len Shackleton. In total he played 82 league games and scored 32 goals, all in the First Division. By the summer of 1949, Robinson was 32 years old and Sunderland had just signed a classy inside forward in Ivor Broadis from Carlisle United. First team opportunities seemed to be limited so he accepted the post of Player-coach at Lincoln City for the 1949-50 season.

Lincoln City

Robinson only played in nine games (eight league and one FA cup) for Lincoln, scoring five goals. His ninth game was on Christmas Eve 1949, a home league match in the old Division Three North against Wrexham. Robinson scored two goals in the game but received a broken leg when scoring the second goal. The x-ray in Lincoln hospital revealed a complicated break and he never played competitive football again.

Life after football

After football Jackie Robinson became a landlord of a public house, running “The Ship” in Gateshead very successfully for a few years in the 1950s. After that he moved back to his home town of Shiremoor. Jackie died on July 30th 1972, aged 54 from cancer, having previously had two strokes and kidney problems.

Weight Is Body Fat